Julian B. Rotter. Generalized Expectancies for Internal Versus External Control of Reinforcement. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied 1966, 80(1):1–28, 1966. doi:10.1037/h0092976.
@article{rotter_generalized_1966,
abstract = {The effects of reward or reinforcement on preceding behavior depend in part on whether the person perceives the reward as contingent on his own behavior or independent of it. Acquisition and performance differ in situations perceived as determined by skill versus chance. Persons may also differ in generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. This report summarizes several experiments which define group differences in behavior when Ss perceive reinforcement as contingent on their behavior versus chance or experimenter control. The report also describes the development of tests of individual differences in a generalized belief in internal-external control and provides reliability, discriminant validity and normative data for 1 test, along with a description of the results of several studies of construct validity., copy; 1966 American Psychological Association},
author = {Rotter, Julian B.},
doi = {10.1037/h0092976},
issn = {0096-9753},
journal = {Psychological Monographs: General and Applied 1966},
language = {English.},
lccn = {00006828-196680010-00001},
number = {1},
pages = {1-28},
title = {{Generalized Expectancies for Internal Versus External Control of Reinforcement}},
volume = {80},
year = {1966}
}